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In the course of the 17th century it was taken over by many Dutch provinces and cities - and in addition by East Frisia - but it was increasingly poorly utilized, so that circulation was severely restricted in 1693; However , the great pieces that have been nonetheless in circulation had been only demonetized in 1846. From 1680 it was replaced by the guilder at 20 stuivers. Von Humboldt also said that the common revenue in that period was 4 occasions the European earnings and in addition that the cities of recent Spain had been richer than many European cities. Humboldt additionally published a comparative analysis of bread and meat consumption in New Spain compared to other cities in Europe such as Paris. From an opposing viewpoint in accordance with the "backwardness" talked about above the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt traveled extensively all through the Spanish Americas, exploring and describing it for the first time from a modern scientific standpoint between 1799 and 1804. In his work Political essay on the kingdom of latest Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico he says that the Amerindians of new Spain had been wealthier than any Russian or German peasant in Europe.

Two upheavals registered unease inside Spanish America and at the identical time demonstrated the renewed resiliency of the reformed system: the Tupac Amaru uprising in Peru in 1780 and the rebellion of the comuneros of recent Granada, both partly reactions to tighter, more environment friendly management. Spain claimed all of North America in the Age of Discovery, but claims weren't translated into occupation until a serious useful resource was discovered and Spanish settlement and crown rule put in place. Centralization of energy (starting with the Nueva Planta decrees in opposition to the realms of the Crown of Aragon) was to be for the advantage of the crown and the metropole and for the defense of its empire towards foreign incursions. The crown program to enact reforms that promoted administrative management and effectivity within the metropole to the detriment of interests within the colonies, undermined creole elites' loyalty to the crown. The program aimed to end poverty and racial inequality.

Following the struggle, the new Bourbon monarchy took a way more cautious method to international relations, counting on a family alliance with Bourbon France, and persevering with to follow a program of institutional renewal. This legacy of neglect was reflected within the early years of Bourbon rule during which the navy was ailing-advisedly pitched into battle within the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-20). Spain was defeated in Italy by an alliance of Britain, France, Savoy, and Austria. The Battle of Annual (1921) in the course of the Rif War was a significant military defeat suffered by the Spanish military against Moroccan insurgents. Scores of insurgents were killed however because of Seibert's and Hecht's leadership, the Germans suffered no casualties. On 3 August, 12,000 more civilians had been killed in another metropolis section. At the very least 100,000 Aztecs died through the siege, whereas one hundred Spaniards and as much as 30,000 of their Indigenous allies have been killed or died from illness. Cuba did not experience its first critical independence motion till the late 1860s. The primary War for Independence was fought from 1868 to 1878, resulting in between 100,000 and 150,000 Cuban deaths. This motion sparked resistance from the Spanish people, resulting in the Peninsular War.

The formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain was recognized by the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668), and Oran and Mers El Kébir remained Spanish territories in Africa. By the top of the 17th century, only Melilla, Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (which had been taken once more in 1564), سعر الذهب اليوم and Ceuta (a part of the Portuguese Empire since 1415, selected to retain their hyperlinks to Spain as soon as the Iberian Union ended. The end of Cádiz's monopoly of trade with the American colonies led to very important adjustments, particularly a rebirth of Spanish manufactures. The Nootka Crisis (1789-1791) nearly introduced Spain and Britain to battle. Spain and Great Britain agreed to not set up settlements and allowed free entry to Nootka Sound on the west coast of what's now Vancouver Island. Great Britain was additionally increasing into areas that Spain claimed as its territory on the Pacific coast. Taking steps to shore up its fragile claims to California, Spain started planning California missions in 1769. Spain additionally began a series of voyages to the Pacific Northwest, where Russia and Great Britain had been encroaching on claimed territory. Spain's victory in the Battle of Cartagena de Indias towards a British expedition in the Caribbean port of Cartagena de Indias helped Spain safe its dominance of its possessions within the Americas until the 19th century.